Fiscal Policy Essay Example for Free

Fiscal Policy Essay The United States’ economy has gone through many different stages from deficits and surpluses to a large debt. These can affect people in many ways. This paper will cover the United States’ deficit, surplus, and debt and how it affects taxpayers, future Social Security and Medicare users, unemployed individuals, University of Phoenix students, the United States’ financial reputation on an international level, a domestic automotive manufacturing exporter, an Italian clothing company importer, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Tax Payers The United States’ deficit, surplus, and debt effect taxpayers greatly. The deficit affects taxpayers because when the country is running a deficit, it means that the supply of money is low. The taxpayers are then called upon to lessen the low supply of money that the government uses to run. A surplus affects taxpayers because even though the country may be running a surplus and taxes decrease, they are still there. The citizens of the country will still be required to pay taxes even if there is a surplus. The country’s debt affects taxpayers the most because it is the tax revenue that is used to pay off the debt that the country has gotten itself into. Future Social Security and Medicare Users The future Social Security and Medicare users will be impacted by the United States’ deficit, surplus, and debt. The United States’ surplus can be beneficial for the future of Social Security and Medicare because it provides additional funds into the funds that are already available. However, this is not the same with the deficit and the debt. As the deficit and the debt increases, more funds are borrowed from these trust funds, which are eliminating any surplus. Before long, funds for Social Security and Medicare will be exhausted, and the programs will no longer be able provide help to the disabled and elderly. Unemployed Individuals The United States deficit, surplus, and debt do have effects on the unemployed. During a deficit, the employees can find themselves unemployed and trying to find another job but with the government budget having to make cuts the unemployed employees are having issues with finding new jobs. Even the surplus budget can cause changes with the workforce. The problem is that with the government having a surplus of resources, it can cause the employee to overspend and things can change very quickly to where the government is back to a deficit, which in return causes employees to lose their jobs. University of Phoenix Student The United States deficit, surplus, and debt have an impact on the University of Phoenix students as well. Many of the students at the University of Phoenix depend on financial aid from the government to help pay for their schooling expenses. When the budget is lowered some of the students that attend the University of Phoenix will not be able to pay for classes on their own and will be forced to drop out of school. On the other hand if the United States had a surplus the government would be able to raise the budget for education and put more money towards schooling. The United States Financial Reputation on an International Level The United States financial reputation on an international level is becoming an issue that has been debated repeatedly; it sometimes becomes a fundamental and comprehensive issue that hinders the acknowledged strength of the U.S. as a â€Å"power-house† on an international level. The United States financial reputation on an international level is giv en its proper respect, the major problem that is seen in the stock market and the Nasdex are the budget deficit and the U.S. debt, which limits the resources to spend on production and investments. A domestic automotive manufacturing (exporter) The United States national debt could also affect exporters. When the United States deficit is high and the government owes money, interest rates are raised. The increased interest rates have an effect on domestic automotive manufacturing companies. Domestic automotive manufacturing companies would have to let go some of their employees or outsource to another country that has a competitive lead in labor and production costs, due to the company’s loss of income. However, when the government is operating under a surplus interest rates are lowered. Making it affordable for domestic automotive manufacturing companies to produce more and grow their company, which supports spending increasing the number of jobs and the export of goods. Italian Clothing Company The deficit, surplus, and debt of the United States affects an Italian Clothing Company because; when it comes down to the United States deficit, it would cause the market to be over-run by foreign products. The rate in which a country is exporting is not at the level with it’s’ exports, a surplus would lead to more importation by the Italian Clothing Company and debt, it would cause the imports to be reduced (because many business partner would be hesitant to do business with the importer. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a better way for the government to measure how the nation handles deficit. It also provides input on the nation’s capability of paying off debt. The GDP helps determine what size deficit and how much debt the nation can manage. If there is a surplus within the funds of the GDP it is removed from the national debt. If there is a deficit, it is added to the national debt. The debt can be reduced through inflation and real growth as the GDP grows. This can still leave large nominal budget deficits with small real deficits. With real growth, the nation can handle more debt so more debt can be incurred. This occurs when the nation becomes financially enriched. The economy of the country has a great effect on many aspects of the lives of its citizens. The U.S.’s deficit, surplus and debt greatly impact each aspect of our everyday lives. It’s something that we have to deal with together as a whole because everyone deals with the effec ts of it.

Analysis of Bulgaria :: Essays Papers

External historical events often changed Bulgaria's national boundaries in its first century of existence, natural terrain features defined most boundaries after 1944, and no significant group of people suffered serious economic hardship because of border delineation. Postwar Bulgaria contained a large percentage of the ethnic Bulgarian people, although numerous migrations into and out of Bulgaria occurred at various times. None of the country's borders was officially disputed in 1991, although nationalist Bulgarians continued to claim that Bulgaria's share of Macedonia--which it shared with both Yugoslavia and Greece--was less than just because of the ethnic connection between Macedonians and Bulgarians. In 1991 Bulgaria had a total border of about 2,264 kilometers. Rivers accounted for about 680 kilometers and the Black Seacoast for 400 kilometers. Ridges in mainly defined the southern and western borders high terrain. The western and northern boundaries were shared with Yugoslavia and Romania, respectively, and the Black Sea coastline constituted the entire eastern border. The Romanian border followed the Danube River for 464 kilometers from the northwestern corner of the country to the city of Silistra and then cut to the east-southeast for 136 kilometers across the northeastern province of Varna. The Danube, with steep bluffs on the Bulgarian side and a wide area of swamps and marshes on the Romanian side, was one of the most effective rivers boundaries in Europe. The line through Dobruja was arbitrary and was redrawn several times according to international treaties. In that process, most inhabitants with strong national preferences resettled in the country of their choice. Borders to the south were with Greece and Turkey. The border with Greece was 491 kilometers long, and the Turkish border was 240 kilometers long. Bulgaria covers approximately 110,550 square kilometers. Its topography is mostly hills combined with plateaus, with major flatlands to the north and the center of the country. Its main mountain ranges Balkan and Rhodope include two major ranges, Pirin and Rila. The climate is divided by mountains into continental and Mediterranean. The rainfall is very variable, with largest amounts in higher elevations. Its population estimate is 8,989,172. Its 1990 growth rate was negative .35 percent, and its population density eighty-one per square kilometer. Bulgaria’s official state language is Bulgarian. There is also a main national minority language witch is Turkish. Bulgaria has many different ethnic groups. The country is made up of 85% Bulgarians, 8.5% Turks, 2.5% Gypsies, 2.5% Macedonians, 0.

The Intergenerational Differences

The Intergenerational Differences of the Japanese canadian issei, nisei, and sansei In the wake of World War II, The Japanese Issei and Nisei both experienced extreme racial prejudices brought about by pre-existing anti-Asian racism and fear driven panic from the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and as a result became enemy aliens. However, pre-war intergenerational differences between the Japanese Canadian Issei and Nisei such as; traditional values, education, language, and age directly influenced the differences of the reactions that the Issei and Nisei had during the prooting and internment of Japanese Canadians during World War II. The racism and prejudices against the Japanese Canadians can be traced back to when Japanese Immigrants first began to settle in Canada. This hatred was mainly triggered by the Canadians em. y of the Japanese Canadians hard work, discipline, and contempt with the low pay and living standards that were pushed upon them. l Many of the Japanese Canadian Issei sp ent an average of 30 years working as fisherman, small business owners, and farmers, and due to the looming racism were declared to be unable to assimilate into Canadian Society.As a result Japanese Canadians Formed small communities in which they lived. Ken Adachi best summarizes the effects of this pre-war racism of the Japanese Canadians in this passage from his book The Enemy That Never Was: Canadian society all at once totally rejected the Japanese, confronted them with negative sanctions, and apparently doomed them and their Canadian born children to remain, in essence, a permantley alien, non-voting population.But at the same time, few immigrant Japanese wanted any part in the larger society. 3 This passage helps explain why the Canadian-born Nisei children experienced the same prejudices as their Japanese- born parents despite the fact that they were Canadian-educated and had little if any to the Japanese way of life. 4 It is important to note the generation differences that existed among the Canadian Japanese Issei and Nisei prior to World War II.The Japanese Canadian Issei continued to practice traditional Japanese values, ideals and authoritarian parenting style in their adopted homeland. The Issei tried to pass these ideals down to their children, however the children's involvement in the Canadian school district had a greater nfluence on the Nisei children and pushed them away from the Japanese ideals of their parents, and towards that of the Western Cultures. In fact, the majority of Japanese Canadian Nisei and Sansei disliked the forced Japanese teachings so much that Muriel Kitagawa explained that when the three Japanese newspapers and Japanese schools shut down following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Nisei and Sansei were overjoyed because they had more time to play6 Immediately following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7 1942, the Canadian Government began the persecution and suspicion of all Japanese Canadians.On December 8 1942 t he Royal Canadian Navvy impounded 1,200 vessels owned by Japanese Nationals. 7 The Issei willingly obliged to the confiscation despite the fact that their income relied on the vessels8. It is important to note that when the decision to evacuate all males of Japanese descent between the ages of 18 and 45 from the West Coast into the interior, there were only 5,000 of the 13,600 Nisei who were over twenty years of age. 9 The effects of the evacuation, tore the Japanese community apart.As a result of the uprooting and incarcerations, Japanese schools nd newspapers were shut down, which had a huge effect on the Japanese Canadian Issei because many had a very small knowledge of the English language so they relied on the Japanese newspapers for information on the war. After the shutdown of Japanese newspapers and the confiscation of radios and other communication devices, the Imprisoned Issei had little means of knowing what was going on, and mainly relied on circulating rumors.The effect of the uprooting and evacuation caused the Japanese Canadian Issei to be torn between their mother country Japan and their adopted country Canada. During this time many Issei chose to turn toward Japan for comfort and reacted to the expulsion by following their Japanese principles of cooperating with the Canadian Government, and accepted their punishment and had faith in Japans victory. 0 This excerpt from the diary of Koichiro Miyazaki explains his feelings during expulsion, â€Å"We Japanese who are overseas, have been isolated in enemy countries and our families are scattered. But despite our hardships we believe that everything is for our native country's future. This faith keeps me going. I believe that I am not the only one filled with confidence. † 1 1 The Nisei generation had little to no traditional ties to their parents mother land Japan, and thought themselves to be completely Canadian.Many Nisei such as Muriel Kitagawa tried to maintain a positive outlook when th e expulsion of Japanese Canadians first went into effect and tried to rationalize the Canadian Governments actions and had faith that they would protect the loyal Japanese Canadian Nisei. 12 Like the Issei many Nisei encouraged Japanese Canadians to cooperate with the government, and have faith in the RCMP. However political and age differences within the Nisei society, caused some Nisei to react differently to the expulsion. Many younger Nisei tried to fght against the Canadian Government and refuse to obey.These Nisei experienced severe backlash from the Government and were immediately imprisoned or beaten. 13 As the war continued the expulsion of the Japanese Canadians from the West Coast was no longer Just for the men but now for people of all people of Japanese origin, including women and children. At this point the Canadian Government has full control over Japanese Canadians property and can sell it without the owner's consent, and many Japanese Canadian families have been sep arated from the uprooting.On August 4 1944 Prime Minister King states that it is desirable that Japanese Canadians are dispersed across Canada. Applications for reparation† to Japan are sought by the Canadian ernment. Those who do not apply must move east of the Rockies to prove their loyalty to Canada. The Issei faced the difficult decision to apply for reparation and be back in their familiar homeland where some still had family, however the Issei who had been separated from their family during the expulsion faced the fear of their family being left behind to suffer in camps.Some Issei who chose to apply got their application denied and were orced to move across the Rockies, this caused many Issei to lose all hope of ever returning to Japan. 14 The Nisei, even those who initially trusted the Canadian Government to take care of the loyal and innocent citizens, felt that they had been absolutely betrayed by the country that they loved. They were being forced to give up everyth ing that they own and had worked so hard for Just to prove their loyalty to Canada.Some younger Nisei reacted to the move with an adventurous spirit, however many Nisei that had families of their own were faced with a very difficult decision with very uncertain outcomes. 5 Muriel Kitagawa voices her concerns in a letter to her brother: And the Nisei, repudiated by the only land they know, no redress anywhere. Sure we can move somewhere on our own, but a Job? Who will feed the family? Will they hire a Jap? Where can we go that will allow us to come? The only place to go is the Camp the Government will provide when it gets around to it.Ah, but we are bewildered and bitter and uncertain. 16 The expulsion of the Japanese Canadians from the West Coast during World War II Shattered the strong communities that existed among both the Japanese Canadian Issei and Nisei. Hard-working people were fired from their Jobs by employers that they had worked many loyal years for solely because of thei r race. The property that they worked for and and rightfully owned, could be taken away from them with as little as 24-hour notice, and sold by the Canadian Government without the need of consent from the owner.Families were torn apart and sent to camps where they were forced to work and live in harsh and extreme conditions. Despite the fact that both Japanese Canadian Issei and Nisei experienced these hardships as a result of he uprooting and expulsion during World War II, intergenerational differences such as traditional values, education, language and age, directly influenced the different and changing reactions that the Issei and Nisei had throughout their experience of expulsion from Canada's west coast during World War II.

A Difficult Challenge For Caregivers Of Young Children...

Facing a difficult challenge for caregivers of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) isn t easy, yet it s hard due to the fact of deciding on the proper treatment plan for the child. Programs emphasizing usage of structured settings, tight stimulus control, and adult-directed instruction are labeled as current evidence that supports the early educational interventions which is based on the developmental and applied behavioral-analytic principles leading to the models that focus on opportunities of naturalistic delivery of learning within child-led routines. Nevertheless, calibration with intervention gains of treatment approaches from substantial to modest and resulting in treatment approaches to be variable. Limitation is†¦show more content†¦Testing the effect of every possible combination of evidence-based interventions and every possible factor that might be related to outcomes is logistically unfeasible. Therefore, a research program informed by theory-driv en hypotheses is crucial for facilitating a rational use of research resources in these areas (Vivanti, 2017, p.114-115). The ASD is an early intervention field due to having a relevant obstacle in the research agenda at a pre-paradigmatic stage (Kuhn, 1962)-which is a stage where practices are informed by competing meta-theoretical orientations (e.g., behavioral theory, cognitive theory, and developmental theory) operate in consonance with disparate vocabularies and criteria used for appraising evidence (Ingersoll, 2010; Smith, 2014). Different treatments of individualization and combination have to generate testable prognosis, current frameworks of pre-paradigmatic should be developed into full-fledged scientific theories which utilize parameters and constraints to formulate treatment targets and therapeutic change of hypothesized nature. In this research, the hypothesis of treatment used will oblige the reformulation of rationales treatment in four sets of explicit terms of explanatory/predictive statements which are (1) logical coherence, (2) falsifiability, (3)Show MoreRelatedTreatments For Childre n With Autism Spectrum Disorder1406 Words   |  6 PagesIndividualizing and Combining Treatments in Autism Spectrum Disorder Facing a difficult challenge for caregivers of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) isn t easy, yet it s hard due to the fact of deciding on the proper treatment plan for the child. Programs emphasizing usage of structured settings, tight stimulus control, and adult-directed instruction are labeled as current evidence that supports the early educational interventions which is based on the developmental and applied